El investigador del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC (CNB) Mariano Esteban sustituye a María Teresa Miras Portugal en la presidencia de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia. Y lo hace con la “ilusión de impulsar desde la Academia todo lo relacionado con el medicamento y la salud”, especialmente a través de conferencias, mesas redondas y simposios dirigidos a entender los mecanismos moleculares de la acción de los fármacos sobre el organismo.

Mariano Esteban en su laboratorioDurante la Sesión Inaugural del curso del pasado jueves 17 de enero, Esteban tomó posesión como nuevo presidente de la institución. Desde su nuevo cargo anima a que en una época en la que la biología avanza a pasos agigantados, se apliquen esos conocimientos “para un mayor bienestar social”.

Pionero en el campo de las vacunas, caben destacar sus investigaciones en la lucha contra el sida empleando procedimientos de inmunización combinada de vectores. Sus trabajos, que están siendo financiados por distintos organismos nacionales e internacionales como la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates, tienen aplicación en enfermedades como la hepatitis C, la gripe o el cáncer de próstata.

Para el que fuera director del CNB de 1992 a 2003, la Academia debe “fomentar el estudio de las llamadas enfermedades olvidadas”. Algo a lo que el mismo ha dedicado gran parte de su vida científica. No en vano, el propio Esteban cuenta con más de 270 artículos en revistas internacionales relacionados no solo con la producción de vacunas contra el VIH sino también contra enfermedades como la leishmaniasis o la malaria.

Para este licenciado en Farmacia (1967) y en Ciencias Biológicas (1972), la Academia “debe ser un foro donde brillen las ideas” y recalca la importancia de seguir colaborando con el sector farmacéutico ya que ambos se necesitan mutuamente.

Proteomics. 2013 Jan;13(1):5-11

Casado-Vela J, Lacal JC, Elortza F.

Proteomics. 2013 Jan;13(1):5-11Three main molecular mechanisms are considered to contribute expanding the repertoire and diversity of proteins present in living organisms: first, at DNA level (gene polymorphisms and single nucleotide polymorphisms); second, at messenger RNA (pre-mRNA and mRNA) level including alternative splicing (also termed differential splicing or cis-splicing); finally, at the protein level mainly driven through PTM and specific proteolytic cleavages.

Chimeric mRNAs constitute an alternative source of protein diversity, which can be generated either by chromosomal translocations or by trans-splicing events. The occurrence of chimeric mRNAs and proteins is a frequent event in cells from the immune system and cancer cells, mainly as a consequence of gene rearrangements. Recent reports support that chimeric proteins may also be expressed at low levels under normal physiological circumstances, thus, representing a novel source of protein diversity. Notably, recent publications demonstrate that chimeric protein products can be successfully identified through bottom-up proteomic analyses.

Several questions remain unsolved, such as the physiological role and impact of such chimeric proteins or the potential occurrence of chimeric proteins in higher eukaryotic organisms different from humans. The occurrence of chimeric proteins certainly seems to be another unforeseen source of complexity for the proteome. It may be a process to take in mind not only when performing bottom-up proteomic analyses in cancer studies but also in general bottom-up proteomics experiments.

J Cell Biol. 2012 Oct 29;199(3):527-44

Yu X, Zech T, McDonald L, Gonzalez EG, Li A, Macpherson I, Schwarz JP, Spence H, Futó K, Timpson P, Nixon C, Ma Y, Anton IM, Visegrády B, Insall RH, Oien K, Blyth K, Norman JC, Machesky LM.

J Cell Biol. 2012 Oct 29;199(3):527-44Metastasizing tumor cells use matrix metalloproteases, such as the transmembrane collagenase MT1-MMP, together with actin-based protrusions, to break through extracellular matrix barriers and migrate in dense matrix.

Here we show that the actin nucleation–promoting protein N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) is up-regulated in breast cancer, and has a pivotal role in mediating the assembly of elongated pseudopodia that are instrumental in matrix degradation. Although a role for N-WASP in invadopodia was known, we now show how N-WASP regulates invasive protrusion in 3D matrices. In actively invading cells, N-WASP promoted trafficking of MT1-MMP into invasive pseudopodia, primarily from late endosomes, from which it was delivered to the plasma membrane. Upon MT1-MMP’s arrival at the plasma membrane in pseudopodia, N-WASP stabilized MT1-MMP via direct tethering of its cytoplasmic tail to F-actin.

Thus, N-WASP is crucial for extension of invasive pseudopods into which MT1-MMP traffics and for providing the correct cytoskeletal framework to couple matrix remodeling with protrusive invasion.

Infect Immun. 2012 Dec;80(12):4071-7

Garber JJ, Takeshima F, Anton IM, Oyoshi MK, Lyubimova A, Kapoor A, Shibata T, Chen F, Alt FW, Geha RS, Leong JM, Snapper SB.

Infect Immun. 2012 Dec;80(12):4071-7The human pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and vaccinia virus trigger actin assembly in host cells by activating the host adaptor Nck and the actin nucleation promoter neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP). EPEC translocates effector molecules into host cells via type III secretion, and the interaction between the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) and the bacterial membrane protein intimin stimulates Nck and N-WASP recruitment, leading to the formation of actin pedestals beneath adherent bacteria. Vaccinia virus also recruits Nck and N-WASP to generate actin tails that promote cell-to-cell spread of the virus.

In addition to Nck and N-WASP, WASP-interacting protein (WIP) localizes to vaccinia virus tails, and inhibition of actin tail formation upon ectopic expression of WIP mutants led to the suggestion that WIP is required for this process. Similar studies of WIP mutants, however, did not affect the ability of EPEC to form actin pedestals, arguing against an essential role for WIP in EPEC-induced actin assembly. In this study, we demonstrate that Nck and N-WASP are normally recruited by vaccinia virus and EPEC in the absence of WIP, and neither WIP nor the WIP family members CR16 and WIRE/WICH are essential for pathogen induced actin assembly. In addition, although Nck binds EPEC Tir directly, N-WASP is required for its localization during pedestal formation.

Overall, these data highlight similar pathogenic strategies shared by EPEC and vaccinia virus by demonstrating a requirement for both Nck and N-WASP, but not WIP or WIP family members in pathogen-induced actin assembly.

Curr Biol. 2012 Oct 23;22(20):1962-8

Gujas B, Alonso-Blanco C, Hardtke CS.

Curr Biol. 2012 Oct 23;22(20):1962-8Soil acidification is a major agricultural problem that negatively affects crop yield [ [1] and [2]]. Root systems counteract detrimental passive proton influx from acidic soil through increased proton pumping into the apoplast [3], which is presumably also required for cell elongation and stimulated by auxin [ [4] and [5]].

Here, we found an unexpected impact of extracellular pH on auxin activity and cell proliferation rate in the root meristem of two Arabidopsis mutants with impaired auxin perception, axr3 and brx [ [6] and [7]]. Surprisingly, neutral to slightly alkaline media rescued their severely reduced root (meristem) growth by stimulating auxin signaling, independent of auxin uptake. The finding that proton pumps are hyperactive in brx roots could explain this phenomenon and is consistent with more robust growth and increased fitness of brx mutants on overly acidic media or soil. Interestingly, the original brx allele was isolated from a natural stock center accession collected from acidic soil [8].

Our discovery of a novel brx allele in accessions recently collected from another acidic sampling site demonstrates the existence of independently maintained brx loss-of-function alleles in nature and supports the notion that they are advantageous in acidic soil pH conditions, a finding that might be exploited for crop breeding.

Ciervo VolanteLas claves de la evolución de las especies son la variación que hay entre los organismos de una misma especie, la selección que la naturaleza hace de los individuos y el tiempo, mucho tiempo.

Para estudiar cómo las especies cambian con el tiempo, un grupo de biólogos está estudiando una población de escarabajos de la especie Ovalis glucosi. Aunque desde que se conoce a estos escarabajos su color es azul, hace ya unos años se ha observado que cada vez hay más individuos de color rojo. Los científicos piensan que si son capaces de comprender el motivo por el que está ocurriendo este cambio, van a aprender un montón sobre cómo evolucionan las especies.

A los escarabajos O. glucosi les encanta guardar su comida en un agujero que excavan en el suelo. Durante varios días van recogiendo todo el alimento que se encuentran y lo guardan en su guarida. De este modo, pueden pasarse varios días sin tener que buscar nada. Bajan a comer cuando tienen hambre y descansan al sol tapando el agujero de su despensa. Como podemos imaginar, tapar la entrada del túnel es importantísimo si quieren impedir que venga otro escarabajo y les quite su comida...

Pero claro, cuando un escarabajo ve a otro quieto tomando el sol, se acerca para ver qué está escondiendo. El que está protegiendo su comida entra en su túnel y tapa con su cuerpo el agujero. Empieza entonces una pelea terrible por ver quien se hace dueño de todo lo que hay en el fondo del agujero.

Los dos escarabajos se empiezan a empujar con todas sus fuerzas hasta que uno de ellos aplasta al otro y gana la batalla. Una batalla cuyo premio es la comida que hay guardada en el fondo del túnel.

A los biólogos les ha parecido que los escarabajos rojos son un poco más fuertes que los azules. Y piensan que como ganan más veces en sus peleas consiguen más comida. Esa podría ser la explicación de que cada vez haya más escarabajos rojos y cada vez menos azules.

Pero para demostrarlo tienen que hacer un experimento. Y nosotros podemos echarles una mano.

Divididos en equipos, el profesor tiene que repartir en dos bolsas de plástico diez escarabajos rojos y diez azules (en realidad son chocolates tipo Lacasitos o M&Ms).

¿Cuál se romperá antes?Para averiguar cuales son más fuertes, si los rojos o los azules, los alumnos tienen que colocarlos en parejas y apretar con los dedos hasta que noten que uno de ellos se ha roto.

Para cada una de las parejas de escarabajos hay que anotar cuál se rompió primero, si el rojo o el azul. En el caso de que los dos estén rotos se apuntará el que esté más roto de los dos.

Una vez que hayan terminado todos los grupos, hay en poner en común los resultados obtenidos y sumar los números de todos y cada una de las parejas.

  • ¿Por qué creéis que es importante considerar los resultados de toda la clase y no sólo los de un grupo?
  • ¿Hay alguna relación entre el color y la fuerza de los escarabajos? De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, ¿podemos decir que alguno de los dos tipos de escarabajos consigue más comida?
  • ¿Encuentras explicación al hecho de que haya cada vez más escarabajos rojos?
  • ¿Podrán llegar a desaparecer algún día los escarabajos azules?

 

Esta práctica nos la enseñó Mary Colvard, profesora del Cobleskill-Richmondville High School de Cobleskill, Nueva York (Estados Unidos) y está basada en la observación de que los M&Ms de color rojo son un poco más duros que los de color azul. Si te interesa, esta práctica dirigida a alumnos de 3º y 4º de Primaria se puede descargar en pdf (1,17 MB).
La Batalla de los Escarabajos

 

Organizado por Manuel Fuentes, Concha Gil y el científico del CNB Juan Pablo Albar, los días 18 y 19 de octubre de 2012 se celebra en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid el III ProteoRed-ISCIII Protein Microarrays Course.

El curso se centra en un repaso a los conocimientos más actuales en el campo de Protein Microarrays, siendo una magnífica oportunidad para mejorar la competitividad de la unidades españolas de proteómica.

Tras el brote de E. coli que afectó a Alemania y posteriormente a Francia la primavera del año pasado, la Academia Europea de Microbiología reunió el pasado diciembre en París a un grupo de expertos a nivel mundial para analizar lo sucedido y proponer estrategias para evitar o al menos minimizar los efectos de otros posibles brotes. En la revista científica EMBO Molecular Medicine y coordinado por el investigador del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC Miguel Vicente, se publica ahora un artículo que recoge las conclusiones de la reunión.

Escherichia coli A pesar de la rapidez con la que se secuenció el genoma de la cepa de E. coli causante del brote, la mal llamada en España crisis de los pepinos se saldó con la muerte de 54 personas, en su mayoría ciudadanos alemanes, y una enormes pérdidas económicas en varios países, entre ellos España. Pese a todos los esfuerzos por identificarlo, no se tiene certeza de dónde ni cómo se originó el brote epidémico y solo existen explicaciones circunstanciales. Lamentablemente, un brote similar puede volver a darse en cualquier momento por lo que los científicos de la Academia Europea de Microbiología señalan una serie de recomendaciones para minimizar en lo posible sus efectos.

  •  La cepa O104:H4 muestra una sorprendente capacidad de adhesión al intestino y produce una toxina que provoca graves daños renales. Estos efectos por ahora sólo se pueden paliar eliminando la toxina mediante diálisis y manteniendo el equilibrio de electrolitos en sangre.
  • Algunos antibióticos como meropenem, azitromicina o tigeciclina podrían utilizarse ya que la cepa es sensible a ellos. Otros antibióticos como la ciprofloxacina han de usarse con mucha precaución pues en dosis no inhibitorias pueden provocar un aumento en la producción de la toxina.
  • Un anticuerpo comercializado como Eculizumab puede disminuir los efectos negativos de la respuesta inmunitaria que se genera en el organismo contra las toxinas de esta cepa de E. coli, pero tiene el riesgo asociado de disminuir la propia capacidad de defensa del cuerpo.
  • Los expertos recomiendan que las autoridades sanitarias dispongan de procedimientos para que en este tipo de brotes el genotipado de las bacterias causantes se haga a la mayor brevedad posible. De el depende tanto el tratamiento como la eliminación de los focos de infección.
  • Se hace asimismo hincapié en la necesidad de investigar a fondo los mecanismos por los que la toxina hace su efecto para así conseguir fármacos que impidan su acción en el riñón, y en la búsqueda de nuevos antibióticos que frenen la infección.
  • Por último, proponen que se mejore la comunicación entre los científicos, los responsables políticos y los medios de difusión para que se afronten estos sucesos con una base científica fiable y adecuada a cada caso para minimizar los efectos sobre los ciudadanos y los sectores productivos.

EMBO Mol Med. 2012 Mar;4(3):160-4

García-del Portillo F, Cossart P.

EMBO Mol Med. 2012 Mar;4(3):160-4A workshop on ‘The Biology of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens’ was held last October in a venue of the International University of Andalusia (UNIA) located in the World Historic Heritage town of Baeza, in the South of Spain. This Workshop gathered leading scientists from around the world to discuss their latest findings related to the mechanisms that intracellular pathogens use to subvert and manipulate host cell functions.

The workshop focused on novel aspects that imprint current research in this discipline, including the heterogeneous behaviour of the pathogen at the population level, the host determinants that modulate susceptibility to the infection, the search for new drugs to combat these particular types of infections and also cutting edge technologies based on new imaging approaches and the use of microfluidics. Discussion on these topics provided new insights into the biology of these pathogens and enriched the field with new ideas for understanding why colonization of the intracellular niche of eukaryotic cells is a preferred strategy used by important human pathogens.

J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 12

Perez-Berna AJ, Ortega-Esteban A, Menendez-Conejero R, Winkler DC, Menendez M, Steven AC, Flint SJ, de Pablo PJ, San Martín C.

J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 12Adenovirus assembly concludes with proteolytic processing of several capsid and core proteins. Immature virions containing precursor proteins lack infectivity because they cannot properly uncoat, becoming trapped in early endosomes. Structural studies have shown that precursors increase the network of interactions maintaining virion integrity. Using different biophysical techniques to analyze capsid disruption in vitro, we show that immature virions are more stable than the mature ones under a variety of stress conditions, and that maturation primes adenovirus for highly cooperative DNA release. Cryo-electron tomography reveals that under mildly acidic conditions mimicking the early endosome, mature virions release pentons and peripheral core contents. At higher stress levels, both mature and immature capsids crack open.

The viral core is completely released from cracked capsids in mature virions, but remains connected to shell fragments in the immature particle. The extra stability of immature adenovirus does not equate with greater rigidity, since in nanoindentation assays immature virions exhibit greater elasticity than the mature particles. Our results have implications for the role of proteolytic maturation in adenovirus assembly and uncoating. Precursor proteins favor assembly by establishing stable interactions with the appropriate curvature, and preventing premature ejection of contents by tightly sealing the capsid vertices. Upon maturation, core organization is looser, particularly at the periphery, and interactions preserving capsid curvature are weakened. The capsid becomes brittle, and pentons are more easily released. Based on these results, we hypothesize that changes in core compaction during maturation may increase capsid internal pressure to trigger proper uncoating of adenovirus..

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