Monday, 10 October 2011 10:06

En busca de una vacuna universal contra la gripe

El último trabajo del grupo de Mariano Esteban indica que una proteína quimérica podría ayudar a sentar las bases para generar una vacuna universal que proteja contra distintas estirpes del virus de la gripe.

Debido a la alta tasa de mutación que presenta el virus de la gripe, cada año se tienen que generar nuevas vacunas que intentan neutralizar la estirpe de virus que los científicos calculan que va a ser la más habitual.

Mariano Esteban en su laboratorioPara comprobar si pudiera ser posible la generación de una vacuna universal contra la gripe que ayude a protegerse de forma más duradera, el grupo de Poxvirus y Vacunas que dirige Mariano Esteban en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC ha creado una proteína quimérica que incluye partes de otras proteínas de este virus. Estas partes son fundamentales para la respuesta inmune contra la infección por el virus de la gripe, siendo la idea que funcione contra cualquier estirpe de virus.

Mediante síntesis e ingeniería genética, la proteína quimérica ha sido incluida dentro de la nucleoproteína NP del virus de la gripe y dos de las proteínas que suelen activar la respuesta inmunitaria contra esta familia de virus (la hemaglutinina y la neuraminidasa) han sido fusionadas en una sola. Las proteínas de gripe son producidas en las células mediante la combinación de dos vectores, uno de ADN y otro el virus vaccinia que se administran en animales de forma secuencial.

Para esta prueba de concepto, se ensayó en ratones cómo de efectiva era ante una infección de gripe con virus distintos. "Aunque no hay reducción en la mortandad -señala Esteban- si que se observa una reducción en la viremia". Además, como se retrasa la mortandad de los ratones, se puede pensar que estos trabajos van en la buena dirección hacia la creación de una vacuna universal que induzca respuestas inmunes suficientes para disminuir la infección y mantener una mayor resistencia del organismo frente a virus gripales.

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