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Friday, 10 February 2023 16:41

Investigadores del CSIC descubren cómo los recubrimientos de las nanopartículas afectan a su biodistribución y degradación

  • La investigación muestra como el empleo de diferentes recubrimientos de nanopartículas magnéticas empleadas en biomedicina, marca su biodistribución y degradación al inyectarlas de manera intravenosa
  • Los resultados del trabajo llevado a cabo por investigadores del CSIC en el CNB, ICMM y el INMA ayudarán a elegir el mejor recubrimiento para cada aplicación biomédica en función de los requisitos clínicos específicos
  • El trabajo ha sido publicado en la revista Journal of Nanobiotechnology

(Zaragoza, 9 de enero de 2023)

Las nanopartículas magnéticas son una de las herramientas más utilizadas en biomedicina, gracias a su tamaño nanométrico y a sus propiedades ópticas, térmicas y magnéticas, que nos permiten su manipulación con un campo magnético externo. Dentro de estas nanopartículas, las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro, son especialmente interesantes para su utilización en métodos mínimamente invasivos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades, gracias a su respuesta magnética a los campos magnéticos externos y a su baja toxicidad. Entre sus aplicaciones podemos destacar su empleo como biosensores, en el diagnóstico por imagen, en la reparación de tejidos o prótesis, o, en la lucha contra el cáncer, en los tratamientos por hipertermia y en el transporte selectivo de fármacos.

Investigadores del CSIC en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB, el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM, y el Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA, centro mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC y la Universidad de Zaragoza, han estudiado la biotransformación de tres tipos de nanopartículas magnéticas, MNPs, con el mismo núcleo de óxido de hierro, pero con diferentes recubrimientos con distintas cargas superficiales (APS-MNPs (positiva), DEX-MNPs (neutra), DMSA-MNPs (negativa)) in vivo en el hígado y el bazo de ratones.

Para ello han utilizado diferentes técnicas entre las que destacan las medidas de susceptibilidad magnética, una técnica novedosa para este tipo de estudios, disponible en la Universidad de Zaragoza y fundamental para realizar este estudio, según nos comenta Lucía Gutiérrez, investigadora del INMA. Los resultados obtenidos al añadir estos recubrimientos no muestran un aumento en la toxicidad de las MNPs. En cuanto a su acumulación en los órganos estudiados, hígado y bazo, los tres tipos de MNPs se acumulaban en ambos órganos, aunque en cantidades diferentes según su recubrimiento, siendo las APS-MNPs las que se acumula en mayor cantidad en el bazo. Además, los estudios de degradación in vivo muestran que la velocidad de degradación de las MNPs depende del órgano en el que se localizan, siendo más rápida en el hígado que en el bazo. Tal y como nos comenta Domingo Barber investigador del CNB “El trabajo es relevante porque además de analizar cómo se reparten las nanopartículas en los diferentes órganos, se ha seguido la degradación de las partículas a lo largo de 15 meses tras su administración por vía intravenosa, lo que nos ha permitido observar que las partículas se degradan antes en unos órganos que en otros”.

Los resultados de este estudio permiten predecir la biodistribución y degradación total de estas MNPs en función de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los recubrimientos empleados, para su futura aplicación en diferentes terapias biomédicas como los tratamientos antitumorales.

El trabajo liderado por Domingo Barber del CNB y en el que han trabajado Puerto Morales del ICMM y Lucía Gutiérrez del INMA ha sido publicado en la revista Journal of Nanobiotechnology.

Referencia científica

Different coatings on magnetic nanoparticles dictate their degradation kinetics in vivo for 15 months after intravenous administration in mice.  Portilla Y, Fernández-Afonso Y, Pérez-Yagüe S, Mulens-Arias V, Morales MP, Gutiérrez L, Barber DF. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Dec 28;20(1):543. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01747-5.

Noticia elaborada por la UCC+I del Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón

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