Tuesday, 01 February 2022 16:33

Identificado un nuevo mecanismo de evasión inmune de Salmonella específico del ambiente intracelular

Cultivo de fibroblastos expresando un regulador de respuesta inflamatoria (en verde) infectados con Salmonella (en magenta)/ Cultivo de fibroblastos expresando un regulador de respuesta inflamatoria (en verde) infectados con Salmonella (en magenta)/ F. García del Portillo, CNB-CSIC.
  • El ambiente del compartimento que habita Salmonella en el interior de la célula infectada dispara cambios en su pared celular con consecuencias en la señalización inmune. 
  • Esta interferencia de la señalización inmune se relaciona con la capacidad del patógeno para persistir escondido por largos períodos de tiempo en el interior celular.

Madrid 4 febrero 2022. Las bacterias del genero Salmonella son patógenos responsables de un alto porcentaje de infecciones gastrointestinales que, en ocasiones, pueden extenderse a órganos internos suponiendo un riesgo para la salud humana y animal. Otra característica de este patógeno es su capacidad para reducir su velocidad de crecimiento en el interior de la célula que infecta. El sistema inmune reconoce estructuras ajenas al propio organismo, siendo una de ellas el peptidoglicano, componente principal de la pared celular bacteriana, existiendo receptores de reconocimiento tanto en fluidos extracelulares como en el interior de las células. No obstante, no se conoce cómo ocurre este reconocimiento intracelularmente dada la escasa información sobre la estructura del peptidoglicano cuando la bacteria se encuentra en el interior celular.

Algunos patógenos bacterianos modifican su peptidoglicano sin necesidad de percibir determinadas señales o estímulos, reduciendo así su reconocimiento por el sistema inmune, un fenómeno conocido como evasión inmune. Un nuevo trabajo co-liderado por investigadores del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas aporta una visión nueva, identificando modificaciones en la estructura del peptidoglicano de Salmonella que son estimuladas una vez el patógeno tiene acceso al ambiente intracelular de la célula que infecta. Este trabajo es fruto de la colaboración con los grupos de Felipe Cava en la Universidad de Umea (Suecia), de Ana San Félix en el Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) M. Graciela Pucciarelli y Juan Ayala del Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC). 

salmonella

Imagen: Cultivo de fibroblastos expresando un regulador de respuesta inflamatoria (en verde) infectados con Salmonella (en magenta)/ F. García del Portillo, CNB-CSIC. 

 

Los resultados, publicados en PLoS Pathogens, han sido factibles gracias a la aplicación de nuevas metodologías de cromatografía líquida ultra-sensible y espectrometría de masas que permiten la obtención de gran información a partir de cantidades muy reducidas de material. “Por primera vez, y tras el análisis estructural del peptidoglicano de Salmonella cuando se localiza en un compartimento intracelular, hemos comprobado que dicho ambiente estimula cambios no detectados con anterioridad en otras localizaciones” destaca Francisco García del Portillo, investigador del CSIC en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC). Algunas modificaciones en la estructura de este peptidoglicano, como un cambio del aminoácido D-alanina, por alaninol (un amino alcohol) en alrededor de un 2% de las cadenas laterales del peptidoglicano, reducen la activación de la respuesta pro-inflamatoria. La confirmación de actividad anti-inflamatoria en péptidos con este amino alcohol obtenidos por síntesis química pone de relieve la transcendencia de este nuevo hallazgo.

Para Sónia Castanheira, investigadora en el CNB-CSIC, el reto futuro es “obtener suficiente material intracelular bacteriano desde su compartimento intracelular para poder realizar ensayos in vitro y conocer con exactitud las estructuras del peptidoglicano que interfieren con la respuesta inmune en la célula infectada”. “Dado que detectamos el alaninol en la estructura que cubre la bacteria intracelular, es esperable que la constante actividad de “rotura y cierre” de enlaces del peptidoglicano asociada al crecimiento de la célula pudiera culminar en la liberación de fragmentos conteniendo este inusual amino alcohol”.

Este estudio abre nuevas vías de erradicación selectiva de la infección intracelular, proponiendo la inhibición de la formación de alaninol como una novedosa vía de actuación sobre las infecciones causadas por Salmonella.

El metabolismo del peptidoglicano ofrece nuevas dianas en terapia antimicrobiana

La pared celular es una cubierta externa que al tener el peptidoglicano como componente principal, protege a las bacterias frente a cambios ambientales y de presión, asegurando su integridad celular y definiendo su forma. La síntesis del peptidoglicano ha sido históricamente elegida como  proceso esencial sobre el que desarrollar  medicamentos antibacterianos, siendo ejemplos antibióticos como vancomicina, cicloserina, fosfomicina o los beta-lactámicos. No obstante, al ser el metabolismo básico del peptidoglicano común en bacterias patógenas y aquellas que componen nuestra microbiota beneficiosa, el interés actual se dirige a actividades relacionadas con su metabolismo que sean exclusivas del organismo infeccioso evitando así daños colaterales no deseados. La definición de cambios estructurales del peptidoglicano no observados en el ambiente extracelular abre otro nivel de actuación dirigido selectivamente al control de las infecciones intracelulares, siempre difíciles de erradicar.

 

Más información

SB Hernández, S Castanheira, MG Pucciarelli, JJ Cestero, G Rico-Pérez, A Paradela, JA Ayala, S Velázquez, A San-Felix, F Cava, F García-del Portillo. Peptidoglycan editing in non-proliferating intracellular Salmonella as source of interference with immune signaling. Plos Pathogens 2022; 18(1):e110241; DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010241

CNB-CSIC Comunicaicón

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