The generalized use of antibiotics changed the practice of medicine allowing the development of modern medical practices, including routine invasive surgeries, cancer chemotherapy and organ transplantation. However, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogens in recent decades is threatening this idyllic world. Many of the same resistant microbes infect animals and humans, surviving and proliferating in the environment. Horizontal transfer of resistance elements, even among phylogenetically distant species, exacerbates the problem. Therefore, Antibiotic Resistance is a multifactorial problem that must be addressed from multiple sectors, from basic science to health care institutions. A better understanding of the basic processes which contribute to resistance development is key to implement adequate strategies to fight this global threat. It is now clear that antibiotic resistance acquisition and spread follow the laws of evolution, with genetic variation and selection as the main drivers. In this workshop, scientists with different expertise will discuss, from an evolutive perspective, how the resistance mechanisms appear and evolve, how these mechanisms spread at different hierarchical levels, and how they can be detected and prevented.