Tuesday, 22 December 2020 13:26

Diseñan un nuevo sistema de mutagénesis in vivo para acelerar la evolución de proteínas con interés biotecnológico

Diagrama del nuevo sistema de mutagénesis in vivo T7-DIVA Diagrama del nuevo sistema de mutagénesis in vivo T7-DIVA Beatriz Álvarez, CNB-CSIC
  • Las técnicas que permiten acelerar la evolución de proteínas son herramientas muy útiles en procesos de biomedicina y biotecnología
  • El nuevo sistema T7-DIVA, diseñado por investigadores del CNB-CSIC, permite el rápido desarrollo de variedades sintéticas de anticuerpos y proteínas relacionadas con la resistencia a antibióticos entre otras aplicaciones

Investigadores del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) desarrollan un nuevo sistema de mutagénesis in vivo que permite generar variantes de proteínas de una forma rápida y sencilla en bacterias, y se puede adaptar para su utilización en levaduras y otras células eucariotas. El nuevo sistema, publicado en Nature Communications, permite la selección de variantes de una forma continua y con poca manipulación.

Las técnicas de evolución molecular dirigida en el laboratorio permiten generar variantes de proteínas con interés biotecnológico o biomédico como anticuerpos o enzimas terapéuticas con funciones mejoradas o incluso nuevas de manera mucho más eficaz. Hasta hace poco tiempo, la mayoría de las técnicas de evolución dirigida se realizaban in vitro, en procesos lentos y tediosos, por lo que en los últimos años hay un interés creciente por el desarrollo de técnicas de evolución molecular in vivo.

Ahora, la nueva técnica desarrollada por el grupo del investigador Luis Ángel Fernández en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC permite dirigir las mutaciones de manera específica a la región génica de interés dentro de las células, expresar las variantes y seleccionarlas de una forma rápida, continua y sin mucha manipulación.

Beatriz Álvarez, investigadora del CNB explica las ventajas del nuevo sistema al que han llamado T7-DIVA (T7-targeted dCas9-limited in vivo mutagenesis), “este sistema incluye varias modificaciones en la célula, por un lado, la secuencia del promotor T7 al final del gen que nos interesa mutar, que actuará como “etiqueta” y una proteína de fusión que contiene una enzima con capacidad de producir mutaciones unida a una polimerasa que reconoce el promotor T7”. Su combinación con una versión inactiva de la endonucleasa Cas9 del sistema CRISPR-Cas9 permite en primer lugar generar mutaciones en la zona específica, así como acotar y delimitar de forma eficiente el segmento de ADN a evolucionar”.

Este tipo de herramientas que permiten la mutagénesis in vivo tiene un gran potencial en biotecnología, como por ejemplo en el desarrollo de variedades sintéticas de anticuerpos y enzimas, proteínas relacionadas con la resistencia a antibióticos y para mejorar la biosíntesis de compuestos de interés mediante la evolución de rutas biosintéticas.

Mutagénesis in vivo y evolución molecular

La aparición de mutaciones que generan diversidad y la selección de las variantes mejor adaptadas al ambiente es la base de la evolución. Esta también puede ocurrir a nivel de proteína, lo que se denomina evolución molecular. Para acelerar este proceso natural, extremadamente lento, se han desarrollado técnicas de evolución molecular dirigida en el laboratorio que permiten generar variantes de proteínas con interés biotecnológico o biomédico de manera mucho más eficaz. Los primeros ensayos en la evolución dirigida se realizaban in vitro, y para la selección posterior, las variantes del gen se insertaban en células que las pudieran expresar, como la bacteria Escherichia coli o levaduras. En los últimos años las investigaciones se están dirigiendo al desarrollo de técnicas de evolución molecular in vivo que permitan la mutación, expresión y selección de las variedades de proteínas de manera directa en las células de interés, acelerando la obtención de variantes de una forma rápida, continua y con escasa manipulación. Así se podrían identificar y caracterizar de manera eficaz nuevas proteínas con interés biotecnológico e industrial.

Más información

In vivo diversification of target genomic sites using processive base deaminase fusions blocked by dCas9. B Álvarez, M Mencía, V de Lorenzo, LA Fernández. Nature Comms 22 Dec 2020 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20230-z

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