Friday, 06 September 2019 13:45

ALIX es una proteína que alivia la sed de las plantas

Cambios en la temperatura de las hojas debidas a los defectos en la función de ALIX (esquina superior derecha) reducen la transpiración, lo que, como se ve con termografía de infrarrojos produce un aumento en la temperatura de las hojas (colores cálidos) respecto a plantas silvestres (colores fríos). Cambios en la temperatura de las hojas debidas a los defectos en la función de ALIX (esquina superior derecha) reducen la transpiración, lo que, como se ve con termografía de infrarrojos produce un aumento en la temperatura de las hojas (colores cálidos) respecto a plantas silvestres (colores fríos). Vicente Rubio

- El equipo de Vicente Rubio  ha identificado un mecanismo por el cual las plantas regulan de manera precisa la respuesta a las variaciones en la disponibilidad del agua.

Los estomas son unos pequeños poros que se encuentran en las hojas y los tallos de las plantas, a través de los cuales se realiza el intercambio gaseoso. Sin embargo, también son la vía por la se pierde el agua a través de la  transpiración. En condiciones de sequía, las plantas cierran los estomas mediante un proceso que está controlado por el ácido abscísico (ABA), una hormona vegetal que se sintetiza cuando la planta detecta la falta de agua.

En el artículo del Dr. Vicente Rubio, publicado en The Plant Cell,  han identificado una factor de Arabidopsis, ALIX, una proteína de membrana que interacciona con los receptores de ABA y regula su tráfico y posterior degradación en la vacuola.

“Es importante conocer cómo funciona la ruta de señalización de esta hormona- nos comenta el Dr. Rubio- ya que el ABA también produce efectos negativos como la reducción en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas para reducir el consumo de agua”.

Los receptores de ABA son capaces de detectar pequeñas variaciones en los los niveles la hormona y permiten a la planta responder de una forma rápida al estrés hídrico mediante la activación de distintos mecanismos moleculares. Entre ellos, el ABA controla un gran número de respuestas transcripcionales, así como la regulación de las acuaporinas, unas proteínas de membrana que controlan el flujo de agua celular.

Una vez que la planta se ha adaptado a las condiciones de estrés, es necesario que se produzca una desensibilización de la señalización del ABA, es decir, un “apagado” de la ruta, mediante la inactivación de los receptores, para que sus efectos no sean perjudiciales en el desarrollo de la planta. García-León et al. han demostrado que ALIX se una directamente a varios miembros de la familia PYR/PYL/RCAR de receptores de ABA y promueve su posterior degradación en la vacuola, controlando de este modo su abundancia.

De esta forma, han comprobado que los mutantes de pérdida parcial de función de ALIX (alix-1) son plantas hipersensibles al ABA con defectos graves en el desarrollo temprano, longitud de la raíz, apertura de estomas, etc. Además, el fenotipo de hipersensibilidad de alix-1 se revierte cuando los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR no son funcionales, demostrando así que ALIX contribuye a la percepción y la señalización del ABA mediante un mecanismo de regulación negativa desencadenado por el aumento de los niveles de la hormona.

El grupo del Dr. Rubio ha empezado ya a estudiar cómo el ABA es capaz de promover la degradación de algunos receptores, pero no de otros, lo que será de gran utilidad para conocer mecanismos que gobiernan el crecimiento de las plantas en respuesta a la disponibilidad de agua. Además, ya están trabajando en el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de Arabidopsis que expresen versiones modificadas de ALIX capaces de ajustar la apertura y el cierre de los estomas para mejor la eficiencia del uso del agua y, posteriormente, mediante técnicas de edición genética, desarrollar estas versiones en plantas cultivadas para mejorar su productividad.

 

Stomatal aperture and turnover of ABA receptors are regulated by Arabidopsis ALIX. García-León M1, Cuyas L, Abd El-Moneim D, Rodriguez L, Belda-Palazon B, Sánchez-Quant E, Fernández Y, Roux B, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM, Nussaume L, Rodriguez PL, Paz-Ares J, Leonhardt N, Rubio V. Plant Cell. 2019 Jul 30. doi: 10.1105/tpc.19.00399.

 

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