Tuesday, 30 September 2014 07:39

Descubren una proteína que actúa como sensor de fosfato

Un grupo de científicos del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC (CNB) ha descubierto una proteína que actúa como un sensor de fosfato en plantas. Según explica Javier Paz-Ares, director de este estudio, habrá que tener en cuenta esta proteína para a la hora de desarrollar una agricultura más sostenible.

El fósforo es un nutriente fundamental para todos los organismos. Las plantas lo toman del suelo en forma de fosfato, pero al ser muy insoluble, comenta Paz-Ares, en la mayoría de los suelos se encuentra en bajas concentraciones comprometiéndose el rendimiento de las cosechas. La identificación de esta proteína, capaz de percibir la disponibilidad de fosfato en plantas y promover la adaptación del crecimiento, desarrollo y metabolismo acorde con dicha disponibilidad, provee de una herramienta biotecnológica para mejorar la eficiencia en la utilización de fosfato por las plantas, y así reducir las necesidades de fertilizantes.

En colaboración con investigadores del Instituto Max Planck de Colonia y de la Universidad de Zheijang, las investigadoras del CNB Mabel Puga e Isabel Mateos identificaron este sensor mediante la búsqueda de proteínas que interaccionaban con un activador clave de la respuesta al ayuno de fosfato en plantas. Posteriormente comprobaron que la interacción entre la proteína sensora y el activador sólo tiene lugar cuando las plantas tienen suficiente cantidad de fosfato y que conlleva la inhibición de la respuesta. Es decir, el sistema de respuesta al ayuno de fosfato, más que activarse cuando la planta sufre carencia de fosfato, se inactiva cuando la planta recibe suficiente fosfato.

Este sensor de fosfato de plantas que acaban de descubrir muestra parecido con uno descrito en levaduras, pero “es llamativo que los mecanismos de acción de los sensores de ambos organismos sean muy distintos”, recalca Paz-Ares. Mientras que en el caso de levaduras, el sensor inhibe a un represor de las respuestas al ayuno cuando el fosfato es escaso, en plantas el sensor inhibe a un activador de las respuestas al ayuno cuando hay suficiente fosfato. Como se ve, se puede conseguir un mismo efecto –que la respuesta al ayuno de fosfato se produzca sólo cuando no hay fosfato- de dos maneras opuestas. Para Paz-Ares, ahora “queda por entender el porqué de estas diferencias”. Si es que hay un porqué, más allá de que plantas y levaduras son organismos que han divergido hace muchos millones de años.

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