Friday, 13 May 2022 10:27

Revelan la estructura y el mecanismo de la alfa2-macroglobulina, una molécula que retira enzimas “caducadas” del plasma sanguíneo

La imagen muestra la hA2M activada mediante tripsina, de la cual quedan dos unidades atrapadas en el interior. La imagen muestra la hA2M activada mediante tripsina, de la cual quedan dos unidades atrapadas en el interior. CSIC
  • La alfa2-macroglobulina humana participa en la eliminación de enzimas del plasma sanguíneo que ya han cumplido su función y no son necesarias
  • Su mecanismo de acción, poco habitual, afecta a muchas funciones fisiológicas y los investigadores lo comparan con una trampa de planta carnívora

Un trabajo conjunto del Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB) y del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), ambos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), detalla a nivel molecular el mecanismo que utiliza la molécula alfa2-macroglobulina humana (hA2M) para inhibir muchos tipos de endopeptidasas, unas enzimas que cortan otras proteínas y péptidos. Este peculiar mecanismo permite la inhibición de diferentes clases de endopeptidasas y los investigadores lo comparan de forma gráfica con una trampa de planta carnívora.

Los resultados, publicados en la revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), son el resultado de nueve años de trabajo con técnicas avanzadas de criomicroscopía electrónica por parte de los equipos liderados por F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth, del IBMB-CSIC, y José R. Castón, del CNB-CSIC, en colaboración con la Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) y la Universidad de Leeds (Inglaterra).

Presente en muchas funciones fisiológicas

La hA2M es una proteína muy abundante en el plasma sanguíneo humano que actúa como inhibidor de endopeptidasas (moléculas que degradan proteínas en procesos como la digestión o la señalización celular) y tiene otras funciones relevantes, como la respuesta inmune innata, la homeostasis (el equilibrio interno del organismo) y la defensa frente a patógenos. Su mal funcionamiento está relacionado con enfermedades como el Alzheimer, diabetes, progresión y crecimiento de tumores y enfermedades inflamatorias o cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, a pesar de un meticuloso análisis bioquímico durante mas de 75 años, su estructura molecular no se había caracterizado hasta ahora.

Normalmente, los inhibidores de endopeptidasas funcionan con mecanismos del tipo 'llave-y-cerradura’, receptores moleculares que reconocen y se ensamblan de forma muy específica, lo que hace que “un inhibidor solo actúe frente a una o unas pocas endopeptidasas muy concretas”. Tal y como explica Gomis-Rüth, del IBMB-CSIC, la peculiaridad de la hA2M es que “puede inhibir muchas clases de endopeptidasas de forma inespecífica”.

Castón, investigador del CNB-CSIC, destaca la peculiaridad de hA2M que “toma las proteínas que debe inactivar mediante un mecanismo de ‘trampa’, comparable al de las plantas carnívoras: cuando un insecto toca un ‘gatillo’ en el fondo de la planta abierta, se dispara un mecanismo de cierre que atrapa la presa.” De forma similar, cuando una endopeptidasa entra en la hA2M, se dispara “una reordenación ultrarrápida de su estructura de tetrámero, que da lugar a un tetrámero cerrado: una especie de jaula de la cual la endopeptidasa, como si fuera una presa, no puede escapar”.

Daniel Luque, científico del ISCIII concluye: “en este proceso también se exponen en la superficie segmentos de la molécula que están escondidos en la forma abierta, de forma que el complejo formado por hA2M y su diana puede ser reconocido por las células que se encargarán de eliminarlo de la circulación sanguínea”.

“Es así como la hA2M actúa como un cazador dentro del torrente sanguíneo en busca de peptidasas que hayan terminado sus funciones biológicas y deban eliminarse”, explican los investigadores.

 

comp1

Cambios conformacionales de la molécula de alfa2-macroglobulina. JR Castón, CNB-CSIC

 

Referencia científica

Cryo-EM structures show the mechanistic basis of pan-peptidase inhibition by human α2-macroglobulin. Daniel Luque, Theodoros Goulas, Carlos P. Mata, Soraia R. Mendes, F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth and José R. Castón (2022). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., volume 119, nº 19, page e2200102119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200102119

 

Hunden un delfín muerto para ver las consecuencias sobre el ecosistema marinohttps://delegacion.catalunya.csic.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/figura_ha2m-480x385.jpg 480w" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 792px, 100vw" class="wp-image-21760" width="792" height="635">
Hunden un delfín muerto para ver las consecuencias sobre el ecosistema marinohttps://delegacion.catalunya.csic.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/comp-hA2M-980x679.jpg 980w, https://delegacion.catalunya.csic.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/comp-hA2M-480x333.jpg 480w" sizes="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1111px, 100vw" class="wp-image-21784" width="1111" height="770">

La imagen muestra la hA2M activada mediante tripsina, de la cual quedan dos unidades atrapadas en el interior. Debajo, composición que muestra el cambio de estructura de la molécula hA2M.

 

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