Tuesday, 12 April 2022 13:47

Descubren una nueva función bacteriana para sobrevivir al sistema inmune

Bacteria de Staphilococcus aureus Bacteria de Staphilococcus aureus Pixabay
  • Investigadores del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología desvelan la doble función del gen comk del patógeno Staphylococcus aureus para reparar su ADN y modificar su metabolismo durante la infección
  • Este trabajo permitirá investigar nuevas dianas terapéuticas para reforzar el sistema inmunitario frente a infecciones hospitalarias

Un equipo internacional liderado por el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) describe en Nature Communications una nueva función de genes del patógeno Staphylococcus aureus que le permite sobrevivir al sistema inmune del hospedador. Este hallazgo abre la puerta al desarrollo de dianas terapéuticas que permitan reforzar el sistema inmune frente a infecciones hospitalarias.

Las bacterias presentan una propiedad llamada competencia natural. Esta se basa en la acción de un complejo proteico de su membrana que puede transportar ADN externo -de la célula que infectan o de otras bacterias cercanas- al interior de la bacteria e incorporarlo al suyo propio. Mediante dicho mecanismo, la bacteria modifica su propia información genética. “Es una manera que tienen de evolucionar”, apunta Daniel López, jefe del grupo Biología Molecular de las Infecciones en el CNB y quien ha dirigido la investigación.

Sin embargo, quedaba por resolver una incógnita relacionada con la información genética responsable de semejante función. “Hay muchas especies bacterianas que, aunque tienen los genes para producir esa maquinaria, nunca se ha visto que sean capaces de adquirir genes de fuera. Una cuestión que ha estado sobre la mesa durante décadas es: ¿cómo es posible que los genes de competencia natural estén en bacterias competentes?”, señala López.

La respuesta la dan en la presente investigación. Las bacterias denominadas no competentes sí se sirven de genes de competencia para incorporar ADN extracelular. Pero no emplean este material para modificar su genoma “sino que los usan como comida y para arreglar su genoma”.

Cuando infectan a un hospedador, las bacterias patógenas deben hacer frente a un entorno hostil, causado principalmente por la actuación de células inmunitarias enviadas al sitio de la infección. El éxito de un patógeno residirá, en parte, en su capacidad para luchar y sobrevivir a las defensas inmunes, que tienen dos efectos fundamentales sobre las bacterias. El primero consiste en mermar la eficiencia de la bacteria para la obtención de nutrientes y energía mediante procesos convencionales. El segundo supone el daño en el genoma del agente invasor.

Julia García-Fernández, investigadora del CNB y una de las primeras autoras del trabajo explica, “en esta situación, S. aureus induce esta maquinaria, que actúa en dos sentidos, por un lado, redirige el metabolismo para crecer de manera más lenta y capta ADN exógeno que le va a permitir reparar el daño producido en su material genético. “

Adaptación a la respuesta inmunitaria

S. aureus es un patógeno que se asocia a infecciones hospitalarias, algunas de ellas mortales, en diferentes tejidos y órganos como la piel, las vías respiratorias o los huesos. Sin embargo, su prevalencia ha ido en aumento lo que incluye también su mayor presencia en ambientes comunitarios, como centros educativos o cárceles, donde las personas afectadas no se caracterizan por un sistema inmune debilitado.

Parte del éxito de S. aureus, además de por la adquisición de resistencia a los antibióticos, reside en la capacidad del microorganismo de adaptarse metabólicamente a la respuesta inmune del hospedador. El equipo del CNB-CSIC ha podido descifrar ahora que dicha respuesta se produce gracias al gen de competencia natural comk, cuya función conocida hasta el momento era el transporte de ADN exógeno.

El daño que se produce en el ADN bacteriano durante la infección es debido a los radicales libres Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno (ROS) producidos por las células inmunes en su lucha contra S. aureus. La actuación de comk permite reparar el genoma.

Además, durante la infección, el sistema inmune dificulta la respiración de S. aureus. El plan B de la bacteria supone pasar a la fermentación como mecanismo de respiración celular. Pero este sistema es mucho menos eficiente en lo referente al uso de glucosa. Los investigadores han determinado la función de comk en la mejora del flujo del metabolismo de la glucosa para que pueda fermentar competitivamente.

Posibilidad terapéutica

El equipo puso a prueba la nueva función y pudo observar que, al atacar dicha maquinaria, las bacterias no eran capaces de infectar y acababan muriendo. “Es un avance importante, no solo a nivel académico, sino que el mecanismo tiene una funcionalidad muy relevante a la hora bloquear infecciones”, apunta López.

La investigación abre la puerta al desarrollo de moléculas dirigidas al gen comk como posibilidad terapéutica. La terapia actuaría como ayuda al sistema inmune evitando la fermentación eficiente y la reparación genética de la bacteria. El grupo de López en el CNB trabaja en esa dirección mediante el cribado por ordenador de compuestos que inhiban los genes de competencia natural.

Referencia Científica

Cordero, M., García-Fernández, J., Acosta, I.C. et al. The induction of natural competence adapts staphylococcal metabolism to infection. Nat Commun 13, 1525 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29206-7

 

Leyre Flamarique / Contenido realizado dentro del Programa de Ayudas CSIC-Fundación BBVA de Comunicación Científica, convocatoria 2021

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