Thursday, 03 February 2022 17:55

El recubrimiento de las nanopartículas magnéticas es clave para sus aplicaciones biomédicas

Nanopartículas de óxido de hierro en el interior de vesículas celulares en una imagen tomada con un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (TEM). Nanopartículas de óxido de hierro en el interior de vesículas celulares en una imagen tomada con un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (TEM). Yadileiny Portilla/Domingo F Barber, CNB-CSIC
  • Las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro muestran un gran potencial para numerosas aplicaciones biomédicas, especialmente para el tratamiento del cáncer
  • Investigadores del CSIC identifican el recubrimiento de las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro como el principal factor que determina el tráfico y la velocidad de degradación intracelular

Madrid 4 febrero 2022. Las nanopartículas magnéticas de óxido de hierro han mostrado en la última década un alto potencial en medicina, habiéndose obtenido resultados prometedores en varias aplicaciones médicas. A pesar de estos resultados prometedores, para aprobar su uso clínico de manera generalizada es fundamental entender cómo se comportan en el interior de las células, qué rutas intracelulares activan, y cómo se degradan. Este comportamiento intracelular determinará en gran medida tanto los efectos terapéuticos de las nanopartículas como su posible toxicidad.

El nuevo trabajo de investigadores del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC liderados por Domingo F Barber y publicado en la revista Biomaterials, desvela nuevos aspectos del comportamiento intracelular de las nanopartículas. Como explica Barber, investigador en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) “para su uso en aplicaciones biomédicas, las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro se recubren con diferentes tipos de moléculas o polímeros para hacerlas más biocompatibles, estables y evitar que formen agregados que podrían generar trombos. Según el tipo de recubrimiento utilizado, cuando las nanopartículas entran en contacto con el entorno biológico se producen diferentes interacciones con las proteínas del medio, afectando su tamaño final, la vía de captación celular, así como el tránsito que siguen hasta su degradación en la maquinaria celular que se encarga de este proceso (los endolisosomas)”.

Celulas tumorales cargadas de nanoparticulas

Imagen: Nanopartículas de óxido de hierro en el interior de vesículas celulares en una imagen tomada con un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (TEM). Yadileiny Portilla/Domingo F Barber, CNB-CSIC

Yadileiny Portilla, investigadora en el CNB y primera autora del trabajo junto con Vladimir Mulens, destaca “al final, el tipo de recubrimiento y el aumento de tamaño de la nanopartícula por su asociación con proteínas del medio biológico son esenciales para dictar las rutas de entrada celular y el tránsito intravesicular, así como en la velocidad de degradación celular. En las células tumorales, las nanopartículas se acumulan en endolisosomas donde se degradan más lentamente, mientras que en las células macrofágicas del entorno tumoral, la degradación ocurre más o menos rápidamente dependiendo del recubrimiento, ya que en función de este se acumulan en vesículas con diferente capacidad de degradación. Estos hallazgos son de vital importancia a la hora de diseñar las nanopartículas ya que podremos, en función de su futura aplicación, potenciar el efecto deseado dependiendo de la diana terapeútica”.

La utilidad de las nanopartículas magnéticas en biomedicina

El uso de las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro está ampliamente extendido en varios campos de la biomedicina, ya que podrían facilitar la liberación dirigida de fármacos y biomoléculas, su capacidad para producir calor se utiliza en el tratamiento de cáncer por hipertermia intracelular y además son capaces de generar un contraste ampliamente utilizado en diagnóstico en imágenes de resonancia magnética.

En los últimos años han aumentado los ejemplos del uso de nanopartículas en terapias antitumorales. Estos resultados obtenidos en estudios tanto in vitro como en modelos animales hacía pensar en una rápida traslación de estas tecnologías a la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, para hacer realidad este salto, es necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos moleculares y celulares que las nanopartículas pueden inducir y los procesos que regulan su eliminación a nivel celular y orgánico. Ambos aspectos son claves, ya que afectan tanto la eficacia terapéutica de las nanopartículas como a su biocompatibilidad con el organismo.

Más información

Y Portilla, V Mulens-Arias, A Paradela, A Ramos-Fernandez, S Perez-Yagüe, MP Morales, DF Barber. The surface coating of iron oxide nanoparticles drives their intracellular trafficking and degradation in endolysosomes differently depending on the cell type. Biomaterials  2022 281-121365 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121365

 

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