Friday, 03 September 2021 12:37

Desvelada la estructura proteica que permite que los virus bacteriófagos infecten a la bacteria E. coli

Imagen artística de la estructura proteica que utiliza el fago T7 para romper la pared bacteriana, resuelta por microscopía electrónica Imagen artística de la estructura proteica que utiliza el fago T7 para romper la pared bacteriana, resuelta por microscopía electrónica Scixel
  • Un equipo del CNB-CSIC revela la estructura del complejo proteico que perfora la pared bacteriana de Escherichia coli para transportar su genoma al interior
  • El hallazgo abre la puerta a nuevas terapias basadas en el uso de virus contra las resistencias bacterianas

Un trabajo liderado por investigadores del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ha revelado la estructura atómica del complejo proteico que utiliza el virus bacteriófago T7 para perforar la pared bacteriana y replicarse en el interior Escherichia coli, una de las bacterias más problemáticas resistente a antibióticos de primera línea. El hallazgo, publicado en la revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, abre la puerta al desarrollo de nuevas terapias contra las resistencias bacterianas, causantes de muchas infecciones contraídas en centros hospitalarios.

Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), si no se toman medidas, en 2050 se alcanzarán los 10 millones de muertes anuales provocadas por microorganismos resistentes a los antibióticos. Una de las alternativas más novedosas para paliar este problema consiste en utilizar unos virus denominados bacteriófagos o fagos como fármacos que infecten a las bacterias y acaben con ellas. Al unirse a la bacteria, el virus introduce su material genético y se multiplica, dando lugar a nuevos fagos que infectan a otras y generan una reacción en cadena que elimina el patógeno.

“Los bacteriófagos representan un caso extremo de optimización del proceso infeccioso. Debido a la complejidad y resistencia de las células bacterianas, estos virus necesitan perforar no solo la membrana celular, sino también la pared externa de la bacteria para formar un canal que atraviese el espacio intermedio (periplasma) y sirva para transportar el genoma viral al interior del citoplasma bacteriano. De hecho, el bacteriófago T7 tiene una maquinaria de infección muy especial que construye in situ de forma transitoria durante el proceso de infección”, detalla Ana Cuervo, investigadora que lidera el trabajo junto con José López Carrascosa, ambos investigadores del Departamento de Macromoléculas del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC)".

Mediante técnicas de criomicroscopía electrónica, las investigadoras han podido caracterizar dos etapas diferentes del montaje que sirve para perforar la pared de la bacteria E. coli. El complejo de entrada se forma a partir de proteínas virales presentes en la envuelta del virus (cápsida), cuya función y estructura cambian de manera transitoria.

“Hemos observado un complejo de proteínas (llamadas core) que normalmente están dentro de la cápsida con el ADN viral enrollado alrededor como una bobina. Tras el anclaje del virus a la superficie de la bacteria este complejo se desmonta y las proteínas que lo forman se dirigen hacia la zona de contacto del virus y la bacteria, donde construyen una especie de cola extensible, con una conformación completamente diferente que tiene nuevas funciones: por un lado, forma un canal en el periplasma de la bacteria y, por otro, su actividad enzimática degrada los componentes de la pared bacteriana de E. coli. De esta manera, el ADN del virus entra en la bacteria de forma segura y se produce la infección”, explica Mar Pérez-Ruiz, también investigadora del CNB-CSIC.

Este logro abre la vía al desarrollo de nuevas terapias alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales. “Gracias a la capacidad de estas proteínas de perforar la membrana de E.coli, sería posible pensar en el complejo como una nueva herramienta antibacteriana con aplicaciones biomédicas”, concluye López Carrascosa.

 

Más información

Pérez-Ruiz, M. Pulido-Cid, J.R. Luque-Ortega, J.M. Valpuesta, A. Cuervo, J.L. Carrascosa. Assisted assembly of bacteriophage T7 core components for genome translocation across the bacterial envelope. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2026719118

CNB-CSIC Comunicación / CSIC Comunicación

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