Friday, 12 February 2021 18:24

Identificados los genes que producen pelo en los frutos para adaptarse al clima

Flores de Arabidopsis donde se aprecia la diferencia de pelo, Flores de Arabidopsis donde se aprecia la diferencia de pelo, Arteaga et al, CNB-CSIC
  • La combinación de mutaciones en tres genes es necesaria para la aparición de pelo en los frutos de Arabidopsis, la planta más utilizada como modelo genético
  • Esta combinación de genes ha evolucionado sólo en un linaje antiguo de la Península ibérica
  • Este nuevo carácter podría ayudar a la adaptación de las plantas al cambio climático

Para identificar especies vegetales en Botánica, se utilizan claves de clasificación basadas en las características visuales que presentan las plantas. De esta forma se pueden distinguir especies cercanas que tiene una característica diferencial. En el caso de Arabidopsis thaliana, la planta más utilizada como modelo en investigación, una de sus características para identificarla es la presencia de pelos (tricomas) en las hojas pero no en los frutos.

Sin embargo, el nuevo trabajo del grupo dirigido por el investigador Carlos Alonso-Blanco en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) ha identificado poblaciones naturales de A. thaliana que desarrollan pelo en los frutos, lo que proporciona una nueva característica para esta planta. Su trabajo, publicado en la revista The Plant Cell detalla los mecanismos genéticos y moleculares que han permitido la aparición de pelo en los frutos de Arabidopsis.

Los tricomas o pelos son células epidérmicas especializadas que sirven para proteger diferentes órganos de la luz y de la pérdida de agua, así como para ser una barrera defensiva contra los insectos herbívoros. “La aparición de esta nueva característica en los frutos es un proceso complejo, que implica la combinación de mutaciones en cinco genes diferentes, a cuyas variantes naturales hemos llamado MALAMBRUNO 1-5, en referencia al personaje de Cervantes que dio barbas a la condesa y sus sirvientas en Don Quijote”, indica Alonso-Blanco, director del proyecto.

El aislamiento de los tres genes MALAMBRUNO que tienen mayor efecto ha permitido demostrar que se corresponden con factores de transcripción ya identificados dentro de la red de proteínas que regulan el desarrollo de tricomas. Noelia Arteaga, una de las investigadoras participantes del CNB-CSIC, destaca que “las plantas con mutaciones en uno o dos de estos genes ya no desarrollan tricomas en los frutos, lo que indica que es necesario que los tres genes funcionen correctamente para regular la formación de los tricomas”.

Belén Mendez de Vigo subraya “además, hemos encontramos que este nuevo carácter ha evolucionado específicamente en un antiguo linaje genético de Arabidopsis de la península ibérica, donde aparece asociado con zonas de baja precipitación en primavera”. “Estos resultados sugieren que el desarrollo de tricomas en los frutos podría estar implicado en la adaptación al clima”.

Este trabajo ha permitido conocer un nuevo mecanismo por el que algunas plantas se adaptan a los distintos climas, y esta estrategia podría aplicarse para mejorar otras plantas en el futuro.

Más información

Arteaga N, Savica M, Méndez-Vigo B, Fuster-Ponsa A, Torres-Pérez R, Oliveros JC, Picó FX, and Alonso-Blanco C. MYB Transcription Factors Drive Evolutionary Innovations in Arabidopsis Fruit Trichome Patterning. The Plant Cell 2021; 0: 1-18 doi:10.1093/plcell/koaa041

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